The Introduction of Starbucks Free Essays

Foundation of Starbucks In 1970s, Starbucks opens first store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. The name originates from Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, an exemplary American epic about the nineteenth century whaling industry. The nautical name appears to be fitting for a store that imports the world’s best espressos the cool, parched individuals of Seattle. We will compose a custom paper test on The Introduction of Starbucks or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In 1980s, Howard Schultz joins Starbucks as chief of retail activities and advertising. Starbucks starts giving espresso to fine eateries and coffee bars. At the following year, he goes to Italy, where he’s dazzled with notoriety of coffee bars in Milan. He sees the possibility to build up a comparable café culture in Seattle. He persuades the Starbucks’ originators to test the café idea in downtown Seattle by serving the first Caffe Latte. Howard discovered Il Giornale, which offering fermented espresso and coffee refreshments. Its name changed to Starbucks Corporation and opened in Canada. In 1990s, Starbucks grows home office in Seattle. It turned into the main exclusive U. S. organization to offer an investment opportunity program that incorporates low maintenance representatives. It opened the principal authorized air terminal store at Seattle’s Sea-Tac International Airport and finished first sale of stock (IPO) at the following year. It opened simmering plant in Kent, Wash. In 1994, Starbucks opens the principal drive-through area and presents Starbucksâ ® super-premium frozen yogurt in 1995. Theyâ begin build up the Starbucks Foundation. In 1998, they broaden the Starbucks brand into basic food item channels over the U. S. andâ launch Starbucks. om. In 2000s, to our phenomenal espressos coffee drinks, individuals currently appreciate for Tazoâ ® tea and Frappuccinoâ ® mixed refreshments. Howard changes to administrator and boss worldwide specialist, Orin Smith elevated to president and CEO. They built up authorizing concurrence with TransFair USA to sell Fairtrade ensured espresso. Inâ 2003,â they secure Seattle Coffee Company and o pen the principal Farmer Support Center in San Jose, Costa Rica. In 2006, Starbucks dispatches the principal paper refreshment cup containing ost-buyer reused fiber. Director Howard returns as CEO and afterward obtains Coffee Equipment Company. He dispatches Starbucks first online network. In 2010s, Starbucks extended computerized contributions for clients with free boundless Wi-Fi, Starbucks Digital Network. Until 2012, Starbucks has out of 17,000 stores all through the world. It alsoâ introduces Starbucksâ ® Blonde Roast and declares Verismoâ ® framework by Starbucks premium single-mug coffee machine. Starbucks additionally procures La Boulangeâ ® pastry shop brand to lift center food contributions. Nature of Business Starbucks is one of the well known espresso brands and shop it additionally is the best espresso making. It buys and cooks excellent bean espressos sells them alongside new, rich-fermented, Italian style coffee drinks, an assortment of cakes and sugary treats, and espresso related frill and gear essentially through its organization worked retail locations. Notwithstanding deals through our organization worked retail locations, Starbucks sells entire bean espressos a strength deals gathering and grocery stores. Moreover, Starbucks creates and sells packaged Frappuccinoâ ® espresso drink and premium frozen yogurts through its joint endeavor organizations and offers a line of imaginative premium teas delivered by its entirely claimed auxiliary, Tazo Tea Company. Starbucks are additionally dispatches Starbucks Card iPhone applications and Starbucks Card Mobile installment. The Company’s objective is to build up the Starbucks as the most perceived and regarded brand on the planet. To accomplish this objective, the Company intends to keep on quickly extend its retail tasks, develop its strength deals and different activities, and specifically seek after chances to use Starbucks brand through the presentation of new items and the improvement of new dissemination channels. The most effective method to refer to The Introduction of Starbucks, Papers

Acoustics and Sound Insulation Methods

Acoustics and Sound Insulation Methods Acoustics and Sound Insulation Conceptual Acoustics is the investigation of sound. The information on this field is important as it helps in making serene environmental factors. The specialized expertise of sound protection has been useful in building utilitarian theaters, clinics, Auditoriums, jam cushions, and so on. Sound is made when a surface vibrates. At the point when this vibration is occasional or musical then the sound delivered is satisfying to the ears eg. Melodic Notes. On the opposite when the vibration is non-intermittent and unpredictable then it is named as commotion. eg. Babies crying. Presentation Sound goes as longitudinal waves. Each wave goes in reverse and forward giving the vibration to the following. For us to have the option to hear sound unmistakably it is significant for the waves to travel continuous. It is demonstrated that sound ventures to every part of the quickest in solids, at that point in fluids and the least in air. This is on the grounds that in strong the atoms are so firmly stuffed that the transmission is the least demanding. In fluids too the atoms are genuinely near one another where as in air it turns into somewhat extreme for sound to travel. Sound can't go in vacuum as it needs a medium to travel. The speed of sound in air relies on the dampness or dryness in air. The more the dampness the quicker stable will travel. Qualities OF SOUND Force and Loudness of sound: Uproar is the reaction of people to the effect of sound. Though force is the measure of sound waves going through per unit zone per unit time. Recurrence and Pitch Sounds can be of various sorts and frequencies. Pitch is What encourages us recognize hints of same uproar however of various frequencies. This is theâ characteristic which causes us perceive a man’s voice andâ women’s Voice. Quality The nature of sound is the thing that empowers us to separate between two melodic tones played on various instruments. An examination has demonstrated that the notes delivered by instruments are now and again unadulterated notes. They have some principal tones of recurrence fo and extra tones of recurrence 2fo, 4fo, and so forth brought over tones. The central is heard plainly in light of the fact that it has more noteworthy effect human ear. TABLE 1.1, ACCEPTABLE NOISE LEVEL Sort OF BUILDING Commotion LEVEL RANGE ( decibels, db) 1. Radio and T.V. studio 25-30 2. Music Room 30-35 3. Medical clinics and halls 35-40 4. Lofts, lodgings and homes 35-40 5. Meeting rooms and libraries 35-40 6. Study halls 40-45 7. Banks and stores 45-50 8. Eateries 50-55 2# Impression OF SOUND Sound waves from a plain surface reflect similarly as that of light. The holy messenger of frequency is equivalent to the holy messenger of reflection. Following are the attributes of impression of sound: At the point when sound waves reflect from a level surface the wave fronts structure a round shape and the focal point of bend is the wellspring of sound At the point when sound waves reflect from a raised surface they get amplified and in this way gotten more slender and more vulnerable. Curved surfaces can be utilized in inside spaces to lessen the effect of sound. Sound waves that reflect from an inward surface are exceptionally thick and compacted in this manner the sound is intensified. Inward surfaces ought to be maintained a strategic distance from in inside spaces as the outcome is bothersome. Reflection on level surface Reflection on curved surface Reflection on inward surfaceâ 3# Ingestion At the point when sound waves strike a surface a portion of the sound is consumed by grating. The materials that retain are known as absorbants. Retention in halls or theater the happens in three different ways †In Air †This ingestion occurs because of grating between two particles however this is extremely little By Audience Cloth is an absorbant. So in theaters and assembly halls the sound is consumed by the garments o f the crowd. Theâ more the crowd the more the retention happens. By furniture and outfitting †Materials, for example, blinds, floor coverings retain sound. The accompanying materials are normally utilized for ingestion of sound †Acoustic Plaster †This contains destroyed protection material with concrete Punctured and Unperforated compacted stick or wood fiber board. Wood Particle board Packed wood fleece Mineral/glass fleece mats Mineral/glass fleece tiles Composite units of punctured hard board upheld with punctured fibreboard Prerequisites of a decent acoustic material- Ought to have high retention power It ought to have the option to retain a wide scope of frequencies Ought to be modest and effectively accessible Should look appealing subsequent to fixing it It ought to be heat proof Ought to have satisfactory auxiliary quality Ought to be non-hygroscopic. It ought to be creepy crawlies and termites free 4# SOUND INSULATION Sound protection/sound sealing is a technique used to quell the degree of sound going through the protecting structure part. Individuals for the most part confound sound ingestion and sound protection to be the equivalent. The two are altogether different from one another. Sound sponges which are for the most part pours materials retain in this manner lessen the sound which is reflected from surfaces. On the opposite sound protecting development diminishes sound going through it. Sound safeguards, are poor sound separators. While hard material utilized for sound protection areinferior sound safeguards. TABLE 4.1. SOUND INSULATION BETWEEN ROOMS Circumstance By and large INSULATION IN db 1. Between parlor in one house and the lounge in another 50 2. Somewhere else between houses or level 40 3. Between two rooms in a similar house. 30 4. Between two homerooms in a school 40 5. Between two rooms in an office 30 6. Between two wards in an emergency clinic 45 Effect Insulation-is a rating of how well a structure floor lessens the effect of sounds, for example, strides. Sound Insulating Materials †Non permeable unbending parcels The sound protection of non-permeable inflexible developments, for example, put strong block workmanship dividers differs. It relies on the weight per unit territory. There is a moment that it requires significant increment in thickness to give little increment in sound protection. Permeable Rigid Materials Porous solid brick work and ash concrete are a few instances of permeable unbending materials. They give 10 percent higher protection when contrasted with non-permeable inflexible parcels because of their sound absorptive quality. To upgrade the aftereffects of protection it is suggested that permeable allotments ought to be put on in any event one side and in the event that conceivable, at that point on the two sides. Adaptable Porous Material These materials give low protection. Indeed, even lower than unbending materials. Adaptable permeable materials comprises of mineral fleece, quilt and so on. To expand protection unbending materials and permeable safeguards can be joined together and afterward applied. This will create better protection per unit zone. 4.1 Divider INSULATION Dividers are a vertical obstruction of sound. Legitimate development of dividers can build the degree of sound protection. Development of dividers for sound protection can be of four kinds Inflexible Homogeneous Walls-Stone, block or solid workmanship developments go under this area. The sound protection in these dividers relies on their weight per unit region. Sound protection in these increments if the thickness of divider increments. Because of this these dividers become uneconomical and cumbersome after a specific cutoff. Segment Walls of permeable materials-These can be unbending or non-inflexible. Inflexible permeable materials, for example, permeable solid brick work, ash concrete and so on increment protection about 10.%. While segment dividers of non unbending permeable materials give low solid protection. Anyway they can be utilized whenever joined with unbending materials. Twofold divider segment A twofold divider parcel contains Plaster sheets Or fiber sheets or mortar on strips on the two sides. With sound retaining pad in the middle. Harsh wooden squares are given to help the pad. Twofold divider segment is a mass of unbending just as nonrigid permeable materials. Cavity Wall Construction-This is supposed to be the most sufficient divider development from the sound sealing perspective. In this two dividers are made with a hole of least 5cm between them. This talk can be left air filled as we probably am aware sound ventures to every part of the slowest in air or can be loaded up with some adaptable material, similar to stitch and so on. On the outside of the divider celotex or other protecting board might be fixed. 4.2 FLOOR AND CEILING INSULATION Like dividers are vertical sound walls likewise floor and roof are level sound walls. The materials utilized for the development of floors and roof for example R.C.C, stone and so forth give incredible protection again air borne clamor yet don't work well for structure and effect borne commotion. The objective of sound sealed floors is to give protection against effect and structure borne clamor. This can be accomplished by the accompanying ways- APPLING RESILIANT SURFACE MATERIALS ON FLOOR In this a slim solid layer is given as R.C.C floor piece. On this then a delicate floor finish or covering is applied. This completion or covering can be of tile, protection board, stopper, cover, and so on this aides in lessening sway commotions. Solid FLOOR FLOATING CONSTRUCTION This is like Cavity divider development as examined before. In this technique we develop a detached floor from the current solid floor. At that point a versatile or permeable material like glass fleece is laid on the R.C.C flooring. On this a water verification sheet is put and afterward a 5cm thick layer of cement is given. This sort of development gives total protection against sway sounds. TIMBER FLOOR FLOATING CONSTRUCTION †if there should be an occurrence of wooden ground surface the issue of sound protection is much more. This procedure is like solid floor skimming development. The main distinction is that mineral or glass fleece blankets are utilized for separation pu

Online Support for Panic Disorder

Online Support for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print Online Support for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Updated on April 11, 2019 Cultura/Stefano Gilera/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions It is now commonplace to use the Internet for many different purposes. From paying your bills, to finding a date, and everything in between, there isn’t much you can’t go online for anymore. People with mental health conditions can also use the internet to build support. Did you know that many panic disorder sufferers turn to internet sources as a way to conveniently connect with resources that may help in coping with this condition? You may be surprised to find the plethora of information and support that is online. Read ahead to discover how you can use the internet to find support for panic disorder. Online Counseling Traditional counseling involves meeting with a therapist on a regular basis to discuss current symptoms and progress. In session, you are expected to talk about your struggles, emotional issues, and triumphs over panic disorder. Between sessions, your therapist may ask you to complete “homework assignments” such as practicing relaxation techniques or journal writing. Each meeting you’ll discuss how you have improved along with plans to tackle barriers to your mental health. In recent years, internet counseling has grown in popularity as a means to gain the benefits of counseling while having the convenience of staying at home. Through this format, you may be able to live chat or even video conference with a professional therapist. Assignments can be discussed and exchange through emails and you can receive quality care through the comfort of your home. Aside from convenience, online counseling offers the benefit of autonomy, as you can discuss your symptoms with a therapist that is located far from where you live. There are also numerous cons of internet counseling. For example, it can be difficult to grow rapport through this format, which is as important for therapy as you are expected to open up about deep-rooted issues. Additionally, many insurance companies will not cover these services and there is still much debate about how secure your sessions are when conducted online. Internet Support Groups There are some online support groups or forums that can help you in sharing with others who are also dealing with an anxiety disorder. The National Association for Mental Illness (NAMI) offers online discussion groups where you can learn more about your condition while developing relationships with others who may share your experiences. You may also be able to find groups on Facebook, in which members can post updates, share resources, and offer each other support. Many times these groups are private, but you may be able to join simply by putting in a request. Aside from participating in online groups and forums, you can also use the internet to find local support groups. Websites  such as NAMI and The Anxiety Depression Association of America (ADAA) both have online directories that can assist you in finding these groups in your areas. Listed on these sites may be more general support groups, like groups for those diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Other groups may be more specific, such as for loved ones of those with mental illness, assertiveness training, or grief. Websites With Resources Aside from support of others, there are also many reliable websites that can provide you with important information on panic disorder. The Verywell.com offers a lot of valuable information on panic disorder symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Many other websites also provide information on the signs and symptoms of mental health disorders, along with facts on treatment options. Online Directories Websites and online support cannot replace the value of in-person help. If you or someone you love is trying to cope with ?panic disorder, it is important to seek professional help. Through online directories such as Psychology Today  or GoodTherapy.org,  you can search for licensed and trained therapists in your area. You can even filter your search to include only those professionals who specialize in anxiety disorders, carry your insurance, and even your gender preference of the provider.

National Institute Of Mental Health Services - 893 Words

Landscape: Key Stakeholders and factors: 1. Government agencies: The Department of Labour (DOL) is the administering agency for the ADA, RA and other non-discriminatory laws for the benefit of the mentally disabled. The RA authorizes funding for the vocational rehabilitation programs through the State VR Agency. The State VR Agency is created in every State to assist mentally ill individuals achieve their employment goals. This agency can influence the parent agency, DOL, by developing policies for implementing effective job training and placement services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) promotes prevention and treatment of mental disorders through Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS). CMHS is charged with making policy-level decisions for any modifications made to the existing vocational rehabilitation methods. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is a research organization which promotes mental health through basic and clinical research. It works on the areas of prevention, recovery and cure of menta l illnesses. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) cover mental health services via Medicaid and Medicare programs. Currently, vocational rehabilitation is not offered through Out Patient or Partial Hospitalization Services. Protection and Advocacy for Beneficiaries of Social Security (PABSS) Program serves SSDI beneficiaries by removing barriers to employment at workplace. What is in it for the Government? TheShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Mental Health Services Act1718 Words   |  7 Pagesillness itself† (May). Mental illness has plagued millions of people in the United States alone, and with the stigma it carried, getting the help that is needed is not always possible. With Proposition 63 in California it is speculated that with proper aid from the government and community those with mental health problems will be better suited to face their demons. That by having a budget to help those desperately in need we can better the lives of those who struggle with mental illness. The approvalRead MoreEating Disorders And Its Effects On Society1068 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween, but for millions of other people in the U.S., it has been a routine for them to miss meals or consume over three meals per day. These people struggle with normal eating behaviors that result with negative effects on their emotional and physical health (Longe, 2008). These abnormal eating patterns are psychiatric illnesses known as eating disorders. 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MostRead MoreMental Health and Mental Illness: Measuring the Depth Within1877 Words   |  7 PagesHead: MEASURING THE DEP TH WITHIN Mental Health Mental Illness Definitions Mental health is defined as the state of satisfactory use of mental function, which results in productive activities, interactions, adjustment to change and coping with challenges (Healthy People 2020, 2012). It is fundamental to ones personal well-being, his interpersonal relationships, and fruitful participation in, and contribution to, society in general. Mental illness or mental disorder refers as a whole to allRead MoreBiography Of John Hinckley Jr.1626 Words   |  7 PagesHinckley Jr. had undiagnosed schizophrenia that ultimately led to the shooting of President Reagan. He received mental health interventions before the assassination attempt from a psychiatrist and is now receiving the correct long term mental health care based on his illness, federal guidelines and global guidelines in a safe and therapeutic milieu. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and debilitating brain disorder that has affected many people. PeopleRead MoreResearch Paper : Therapeutic Services1619 Words   |  7 PagesCapstone Research Paper: Therapeutic Services For many Americans, there comes a time when people are in need of therapeutic services and need help finding the right treatment for them and or loved one. Often times therapy is very beneficial to people, but is not always offered with their insurance. Therapeutic services should be provided to all patients as a non-evasive treatment option because these services provide nontraditional alternatives that enhance patient care and therefore, insurance

Child Abuse and Trauma Why I think Childhood Should be Carefree - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1045 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul(Malone). Parents are one of the main reasons why children are being abused. Child abuse is behavior by an adult who harms a childs physical, mental, or emotional health and development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Child Abuse and Trauma: Why I think Childhood Should be Carefree" essay for you Create order In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe shows how Okonkwo treats his children. Okonkwo only treated his children a way because he had a fear of ending up like his father. Child Abuse causes trauma, unusual fears, and self confidence issues which can affect little kids as they grow up, especially since they do not understand what is happening. Trauma happens all the time and it is horrible. Trauma can affect your health stability. Nwoye is the oldest son of Okonkwo, who Okonkwo believes is weak and lazy. Okonkwo beats Nwoye hoping he corrects the faults that perceives him. Nwoye begins to pick up more of the masculine behaviors, which makes Okonkwo happy. But he was developing a sad-faced youth. From the book Things Fall Apart we know that, Nwoye knew that it was right to be masculine and to be violent, but somehow he still preferred the stories his mother used to tell (Achebe 53). So Okonkwo wanted his boys to sit with him in his obi, so that hecan tell them stories about the land, and he told them about masculine, violence, and bloodshed stories. Each is ashamed to be connected to the other now, Nwoye because he has never forgiven his father for killing Ikemefuna and Okonkwo, because of Nwoyes new religion (Achebe 112). Nwoye did not really have a great relationship with his father, even though he looks up to him. Ther e is no affection or respect in their relationships. Okonkwo was always tougher on Nwoye than all his other children, only because he was the oldest son. It is reasonable to ask if parenting or teaching because statistics show that most acts of child sexual abuse are perpetrated by men who identify as such (Achebe 28). This is traumatizing for a kid because parents should analyze their actions first before doing it because they know their kids will be scarred for life. Many abused children cling to the hope that growing up will bring escape and freedom (Wakefield). They want to grow up because they just dont want to live in the environment that they are living in. More in the story Okonkwos kids tend to get more afraid of him because they dont feel comfortable living with him. Fear, a worry that changes your thinking, it will stop you from achieving your most wanted goals. In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo fears becoming like his lazy, shameful father, and Nwoye fears his fathers wrath. Children were warned not to whistle at night for fear of evil spirits. (Achebe 15). The children in the book have a fear of their father because of the way he treats them, makes them scared. He wanted Nwoye to grow into a tough young man capable of ruling his fathers household when Okonkwo is dead (Achebe 49) Okonkwo was teaching his boys how to do work, but when they worked outside they could not talk. It is reasonable to ask if parenting or teaching because statistics show that most acts of child sexual abuse are perpetrated by men who identify as such (Achebe 54). As for the boy himself, he was terribly afraid. He could not understand what was happening to him or what he had done. When Ikemefuna was walking he looked back and saw a man growling at him, and he felt cold fear down his back. The control we have over fear is difficult because we have all kinds of different worries that we need to overcome. Over time peoples feelings about themselves and others change. They may feel strong and indestructible one minute than something could change the way they feel. A certain event could change ones self confidence. People become different when they are exposed to a certain situation. He ran with the animals, drank at their springs not knowing fear or wisdom (Achebe 16). He knew he had a fear of something but, he doesnt know it yet. He never really liked people proving him wrong, he always wanted to be right. And, most importantly, he never gave up. As his persistence is described, He could see neither what was ahead nor behind. For days he traveled in this blindness without a light to guide him, ascending or descending, he could not be sure, going on with only the companion of grief in which he felt Enkidu at his side (Achebe 59). Even though he was lost and with a father like Unoka, Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many young men had. He neither inherited a barn nor a titl e, nor even a young wife. But in spite of these disadvantages, he had begun even in his fathers lifetime to lay the foundations of a prosperous future. It was slowed and painful. His life became a quest to find the secret to eternal life which he might carry back to give his friend (Achebe 55). Okonkwo was not afraid of war. He was a man of action, a man of war. Unlike his father he could stand the look of blood. As a child he had an unstable childhood. This is why I think childhood should be carefree, like: playing in the sun and not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul. Parents are one of the main reasons why children are being abused. Child abuse is behavior by an adult who harms a childs physical, mental, or emotional health and development. As you know in Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe shows how Okonkwo treats his children. Okonkwo only treated his children a different manner because he had a fear of ending up like his father. This why child Abuse causes trauma, unusual fears, and self confidence issues which can affect little kids as they grow up, especially since they do not understand what is happening. This topic is important because parents need to be aware of this problem. This is why I think childhood should be carefree, like: playing in the sun and not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul.

Child Sexual Abuse and Introduction Prostitution Free Essays

string(98) " for just gyrating around a pole to the throbbing rock music and flickering purple strobe lights\." SCOURGE OF CHILD PROSTITUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES A Research Paper Presented To Dr. Antonio R. Yango College of Arts and Sciences University of Perpetual Help System Laguna In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Communication Arts 2 By MARIA MAYBELLE F. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Sexual Abuse and Introduction Prostitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now GALANG March 2012 Introduction Prostitution is a performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majority have been women, who have usually entered prostitution through coercion or under economic stress. (http://www. free-researchpapers. com/dbs/b3/peh277. shtml) â€Å"Prostitution† to pay for school fees is just one of the many guises of children in the Philippine flesh trade. Nobody really knows how many Filipino children are in the sex trade, but they could number up to 100,000, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO). Many are recruited from the provinces, their appeal is the â€Å"freshness† factor. These children are exposed to the AIDS virus and sexually transmitted diseases, while many risk physical violence and failing health from long and unholy work hours. They suffer from harmful psychological stresses, development of distorted values, economic exploitation, lack of love and affection, breakdown of family ties, loss of self-worth and endangered lives if they decide to quit. Shocking it may be but there is more to child prostitution than meets the eye. It is just one facet of the horrors daily served to children working in what the ILO calls the worst form of labor, be it on the street or in the sea. (http://unionssaynotochildlabor. om/inthenews/the-world-of-rp%E2%80%99s-4-million-child-workers/) The Optional protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in the Convention on the Rights of the child states that the prostitution of children or child prostitution is the practice whereby a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or any other form of consideration (Article 2(b)). The remuneration or other consideration could be provided to the child or to another person. Most generally, the prostitution of children means that a party other than the child benefits from a commercial transaction in which the child is made available for sexual purposes – either an exploiter intermediary who controls or oversees the child’s activities for profit, or any other person who negotiates an exchange directly with a child in order to receive sexual gratification. (http://allafrica. com/stories/200711051563. html) According to Dela Pena, et al. 2004) these are the causes why prostitution is happening, there are the reasons, desire to earn big sum of money, there is a demand, Connivance of police and other law enforcement agencies/authorities, poor education, runaways/homeless, and the victims of rape and other violence. If there are reasons there is also a consequence, First their families are not respected in their neighborhood, they are the center of gossip, they are treated with no morals or respect, suffering violence from the hands of the police and their clients and considered trash, suffering physical and psychological consequences and last they are considered as sinful. Every day we watch more and more news concerning child prostitution, one of the worst forms of child labour. It has unfortunately become a common phenomenon in today’s society but people are not yet fully aware of what it really means, how many people are indirectly affected, and what the main consequences are. Millions of children from poor families are the main victims of this phenomenon, because there is a proportional relationship between economical problems and the spread of child prostitution: The poorer the country is, the more prevalent the problem is. A worldwide net of criminals, seeking economic benefits, works to entrap children and young people (mainly girls), to make a profit by selling them like goods and using their bodies for sexual purposes. Their targets are young people under 18, who live in rural areas, where the educational conditions are insufficient. Although the prevention against child prostitution has increased, it is very difficult to eliminate this â€Å"black hole†. (http://www. albstudent. albstudent. net/punime/K_Topi2. df) The Paper talks about how these innocent and clueless children engaged in such immoral business. Violence is the direct impact to the children suffering from this kind of situation. These children has different reasons why they chose this kind of profession. Poverty is the majority reason why they get into it, nowadays it is in demand, they are an orphan and homeless, in immoral nature, and the other one is jobless. Time after time, child exploitation getting worse to worst. To be left homeless and abandoned at 13 years old with a younger brother to provide for was too much for Angelina. Hungry and hopeless, begging food in a public park and nowhere to go, she found hope and happiness in the offer of two women job recruiters in Angeles City, Pampanga. Angelina arrived with the pimps in Angeles two years ago. It was teeming with fat foreigners walking the gaudy neon lit streets with beer bellies as big as a barrel dragging a young girl by the hand and heading to a cheap motel. Angelina was now being trained to provide ‘anything they wanted. Having been told that she would be serving drinks, she was put on the bar top with a dozen other young girls to dance in a bikini for the gawking lusting customers. The ‘Mamasan’, her handler, saw that she got paid a small percentage for the drinks sold when a customer called her down to sit on his lap and press her again his fat stomach and kiss her with an unshaved face smelling of beer and whiskey . It repelled Angelina but for this she would earn more than what she got for just gyrating around a pole to the throbbing rock music and flickering purple strobe lights. You read "Child Sexual Abuse and Introduction Prostitution" in category "Essay examples" It was more money than she ever had in her entire life. Then she was offered an increase if she would go ‘bar-hopping’ with a customer. She was promised that, that was the entire customer wanted, be seen with his trophy girl. (http://web. archive. org/web/20070927192510/http:/www. preda. org/archives/2005/ r05030201. html) In research conducted in  Cebu  in 2004, all the taxi drivers surveyed responded that they had had an encounter with a foreign tourist accompanied by a Filipino minor. Interviews conducted in a drop-in centre for victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) showed that 70 per cent of the girls assisted were aged between 11 and 17 years. Cebu  is a prime tourist destination in the Philippines, and is advertised on websites providing information on where sex services are available. Two years ago, an American national was arrested as he tried to leave the US for the Philippines for making arrangements to have sex with two Filipino girls aged 9 and 12. There are indications that this kind of pre-arranged child sex tourism takes place in the country, and is highly facilitated by the Internet. Nationals from Austria, Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands and the United States have been arrested in the Philippines for sexual offences against children. (http://gvnet. com/childprostitution/Philippines. htm) In Batangas City, a Fifteen year old girl names Ana talks and dresses the way girls her age do. She wears trendy clothes imitated from models she sees in magazines and television shows. She also loves to have fun, and to sing. Beneath her smiles and bubbly personality, however, is a child in pain. A female recruiter, who promised Ana a job as a storekeeper in Cavite, flew her from her home province of Bukidnon to Manila in January 2006. From there, she was brought to Cavite and forced to work as a guest relations officer (GRO) in a bar and, eventually, as a prostitute. With three other girls? All minors? Ana was made to work from 4 p. m. till past midnight. If the girls refused to cooperate? Steve? A nephew of the bar owner, would beat them or douse them with water. Ana’s first customers were Coast Guard members who forced her to have sex with them for a fee. She took the experience with a grain of salt. It’s OK. I was raped by my father when I was 7 years old? Ana said, further revealing a darker part of her life. For 10 months, Ana’s life was controlled by the bar owners, who offered her like a merchandise to patrons. (Querubin, 2007) A Filipino Girl at the tender age of three  was forced to perform oral sex on  strangers. What’s worse is that her pimp is her own mother, a drug addict. The girl’s plight is shocking but not unique, said Dr Jean D’Cunha from the United  Nations Development Fund for Women (Unifem). Children of increasingly young ages are being forced into prostitution to fuel the  billion-dollar tourism trade in child sex, said international experts on prostitution and human  trafficking at a conference here. Add the growing number of similarly victimised young women, and the experts  believe that ‘millions’ are being trafficked worldwide for the sex trade. They are convinced the pool is  swelling, but could not offer definitive figures due to the clandestine nature of the trade. (http://web. archive. org/web/20080614060120/http:/www. childexploitation. org/prostitution6. tml) The researcher conducted this research and covered this research topic is they wanted to prioritize by the law-makers this kind of illegal business, to let the government officials realized that the country we belong is included at the ranking of this child flesh trade activity. To do an action to prevent this kind of illegal as well as socially proscribed. Make an organization in the community which includes rules and regulations that can avoid prostitution and especially the Laws will be tightened specially the penalties for those responsible, promoters and beneficiaries of child prostitution were increase drastically. Body Causes of Child Prostitution As mentioned by Jarapa, et al. (2000), poverty in a land laid waste by recurring typhoon which sends families running to their cities; Poverty of education and the lack of relevant training which brings humiliating unemployment to the poorest of the poor; Poverty of esteem and opportunity which prevents parents from being able to defend their youngster; Poverty of the Spirit which destroys the will of the family to stay together; Poverty of the mind which in the name of tourism and the mighty dollar forces children into prostitution. Ages range engage in Child Prostitution Street children are children who either live or work on the streets, spending a significant amount of time engaged in different occupations, with or without the care and protection of responsible adults. With ages ranging from 5 to 18 years old, these children ply the sidewalks in a desperate attempt to eke out whatever meager amount they can earn for their survival. An estimated 25% live on the streets. (http//www. childhope. com. ages of child prostitution. 2003) The  Philippines  is highly affected by all forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), which seem to be closely linked and greatly impact on one another. While tourism has been used to promote economic growth, it has also resulted in child sex tourism in the Philippines. In research conducted in  Cebu  in 2004, all the taxi drivers surveyed responded that they had had an encounter with a foreign tourist accompanied by a Filipino minor. Interviews conducted in a drop-in centre for victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) showed that 70 per cent of the girls assisted were aged between 11 and 17 years. Cebu  is a prime tourist destination in the Philippines, and is advertised on websites providing information on where sex services are available. Two years ago, an American national was arrested as he tried to leave the US for the Philippines for making arrangements to have sex with two Filipino girls aged 9 and 12. There are indications that this kind of pre-arranged child sex tourism takes place in the country, and is highly facilitated by the Internet. Nationals from Austria, Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands and the United States have been arrested in the Philippines for sexual offences against children. (http//www. ecpat. net. ages of child prostitution. ECPAT International. 006) No. of Child in Prostitution Filipinos mostly used women for Prostitution. The Philippines was ranked no. 4 in child Prostitution. Estimatedly 3,366 children still forced in this activity every year. Prostitution is not a business in the Philippines but an industry. (http//www. scribd. com. Prostitution. 2011) The  Virlanie  Foundation, a local child protection NGO, estimated that there wer e at least 20 thousand child prostitutes in the country, most in the Metro Manila area. Other NGOs estimated that as many as 100 thousand children were involved in the commercial sex industry. Most of these children were girls, and nearly all had dropped out of school. These children come from very poor families with unemployed or irregularly employed parents. The  Virlanie  Foundation offered housing, training, and counseling services to child prostitutes. An ILO program resulted in more than six thousand children being removed or prevented from engaging in the worst forms of child labor, including the commercial sex industry. (http//www. state. gov. com. no. of child in prostitution. 2006) Prostitution in the Three Sociological Perspectives As discussed by Garcia, et al. (1986) Prostitution has Three Sociological Perspectives. Prostitution According to the Functionalists. Prostitution has certain functions in society. It meets the need of husbands who are not fully satisfied by their wives as well as the needs of single and widowed persons who have no available sex partners. The customers are sexually gratified without any responsibility or commitment; the prostitutes earn something for their everyday subsistence. It virtually becomes a matter of give-and-take relationship. Prostitution According to the Conflict Theorists. Prostitution is the offshoot of an unjust society in which the dominant group would always impress on the subordinate groups of their superiority not only in material possession but also in morality. They deliberately want the poor to remain poor or to become poorer so they will not be a threat to the top position they hold on in the social ladder. Prostitution According to the Interactionists. In the first place, the interactionists see a ganut of relationships that exist between prostitutes and their respective clients. If there are 1,001 encounters between them, expect different kinds of interactions and impressions. These are the different interpretations from four parties, namely: The married man himself: â€Å"I prefer staying with her than with my wife. She knows my needs and she is an expert in satisfying them. † The Prostitute: â€Å"Well, this is what we call luck. I might as well learn to love the old man. † The wife: â€Å"I cannot figure out why my husband goes for this whore. She is nothing compared to me. † A friend of the old man: â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with it. Anyway we live in a double-standard society. Usual places where Prostitution occurs As explained by Perez, et al. (2000) Child prostitution exists not only in Metro Manila (M. H. del Pilar, Mabini, Sta. Monica, and Flores streets in the tourists belt), but also in the provinces with the youngsters servicing both local and foreign clients of both sexes. The provincial areas are: Puerto Galera, M indoro; Poro Point in San Fernando, La Union; Bacolod City, Buhi, Camarines Sur; Bulacan; Mactan International Airport, Cebu; Pagsanjan, Laguna; Boracay Island, Aklan; Angeles City; Bulusan Sorsogon; Cavite; Olongapo City; Legaspi City. Pedophiles and their sickness called â€Å"Pedophilia† Dr. Anthony Siracusa, a psychologist specializing in treating sexually abused children from Williamstown, Massachusetts, states that adults who have a thing for children are often stressed and anxious about relationships with other adults. According to Siracusa these people are called regressed offenders, because they are not dealing on the level of an adult but are going back to a former period in their life. Sometimes these people bounce back and forth form a relationship with another adult to criminal relationships with children. Dr. Hord also agrees that insecurity is at the heart of the pedophile’s inability to relate to an adult intimate relationship. Pedophiles are not capable of having a normal healthy relationship sexually and often socially with other adults. The adult relationship is difficult or even daunting for them and therefore it easier to be attracted to a child. Insecurity translates to the need to control the sexual experience and of course it is very easy to do with a child. It is not so easy to do in a healthy adult relationship. (http://mental-personality-disorders. factoidz. com. pedophilia. roach. 2009) Diseases that can be acquired by Prostitutes Veneral disease has been recognize as a health hazard for centuries. Despite the supposedly new sexual awareness, a great number of people continue to catch and transmit it. It is an infection transmitted from person to person by intimate body contact, or other forms of skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Syphilis and gonorrhoea are two venereal disease which have reached alarming proportions. Syphilis is caused by a corkscrew-shaped micro-organism called spirochete which enters the body mucous membranes or breaks in the skin. Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium gonococcus. Upon How to cite Child Sexual Abuse and Introduction Prostitution, Essay examples

The Social Construction Of Reality Essay Research free essay sample

The Social Construction Of Reality Essay, Research Paper Doctrine and scientific discipline have ever been based on the thought that the universe of visual aspects is an semblance that both reveals and conceals an implicit in reali-ty. In many cases, this thought has been attached to mystical systems of idea, as in some Eastern doctrines that view world as a drama of fictions manifested by a cosmopolitan head. In the West, it has been the rational under arming for rationalism and empiricist philosophy, which have given rise to modern-day scientific discipline and societal scientific discipline. First we should understand the chief rules and issues of human nature. How does an single define what is existent? One does it through 1s perceptual experience of the universe, which is based on erudite readings. This acquisition is societal: we learn from and among individuals in societal interaction. The chief vehicles which convey this significance: symbols, including linguistic communication, cultural myths # 8212 ; larger societal significances of objects, actions, marks, episodes, the construction and pattern of our establishments, our regulations for congruous action. These vehicles of intending together concept: our world-view # 8212 ; our sense of how the universe works, what is valuable, why things are the manner they are. Our sense of ourselves, our individuality, intent, our political orientations # 8212 ; our sense of the rightness of, the construction of, and the exercising of, power, action and functions in society. Our egos, our societies, our establishments change continually, through interaction. The # 8220 ; existent conditions # 8221 ; of our being are non subjective, nevertheless, they merely have intending through societal interaction their sensed value, causes, and significance are socially produced. Reality, in so far as it means to us, is situational, or matter-of-fact: the context governs our reading. The societal building of world therefore becomes of import because it is a subjective world, a merchandise of the conventions of society. Without society, and the built-in conventions in this, adult male would adult male would hold no manner to specify the world which he perceives, and the societal linguistic communication which has risen up around us would non be at all. The fact is, that the linguistic communication does be, and in this lies the significance of sociology. To turn to W. I. Thompson # 8217 ; s statement is to analyze the agencies by which adult male makes distinctions about world. If the concrete universe is seen to be nonsubjective, which it is # 8217 ; so it must be the perceptual experiences of adult male that alter the manner it is seen. These alterations occur through value judgements and conventions, which may be so profoundly embedded in the conventions of society as to be seen as innate. What they truly are subjective readings of world, based on societal or ientation. This orientation allows adult male to do distinctions about world # 8212 ; that is, as a subjective translator of world, adult male utilizes conventions to distinguish between what he believes in the concrete universe and what he does non believe. He does non oppugn the concreteness of things, but he inquiries the genuineness and relevancy to his ain universe, in a apparently egoistic mode. If adult male perceives something that is non relevant, or does non match to his thought of world, he deems it non existent. Therefore, the statement If work forces define a state of affairs as existent, it is existent ; in its effects # 8221 ; demonstrates the subjective nature of adult male # 8217 ; s world, in a sociological sense. If adult male sees a state of affairs as existent and reliable, he considers it worthy of action, or reaction. This reaction may be seen as the effect. This effect is existent because it is an consequence of the action which adult male has been motivat ed to take in response to a state of affairs in the concrete universe, which he has deemed relevant to his being. In relation to WI Thompson # 8217 ; s statement, it may be said that the effects are by nature existent # 8221 ; because adult male has already deemed the state of affairs as existent by acknowledging and responding to its relevancy to him. This relevancy is non ever defined through action, but is defined through feeling every bit good. Impressions result from the existent life state of affairss which adult male finds relevant, and do him alter his manner of thought. This altered perceptual experience affects the conventions ingrained within adult male and turns into a generalisation in the manner in which adult male perceives the universe. These perceptual experiences keep in head, are the merchandises of his societal conditioning. Therefore, labels and classifications originating from societal conditions represent perceptual experiences which ion some manner alter or solidify the conventions of adult male within his society. In relation to assorted footings in the reading, this point can be more decently illustrated. Society and later adult male # 8217 ; s world, is constructed upon the footing of fluctuations amongst the members of society. These fluctuations include race, category, gender and gender. These changing single features represent the different agencies by which each person can comprehend world. This world is defined through the class of each fluctuation, which an person falls into. For case, a black, in-between category, heterosexual adult females has 5 certain set of perceptual experiences by which she defines world which are direct merchandises of the fluctuations which she is capable to and the resulting experiences due to these features. In a sense, an person is defined by convention, and so molded by the experiences in life, which result from the application of convention to the person by the external universe. In other words, a individual is perceived a certain manner, or receives feedback, due to certain facets of visual aspect. Keep in head, these conventions are non ever accurate or just, but necessarily originate and becomes the feedback, either informed or uninformed, which the person rec eives from other members of society. Therefore does the procedure of a societal building or world take topographic point. An facet of this building of world is found through tracking. Tracking is the inclination of our societal establishments to categorise and rank the members of our society about from birth. The classification and ranking of kids Begins in the first old ages of grade school with the administering of trials which create ranks and classifications in which to put the kids, based on the public presentation of the kids on the trials. The world of each kid is defined to an extent, by the classs in which they are instantly placed as a consequence of tracking. This trailing continues, and becomes an early signifier of feedback by which the kid is programmed to comprehend his topographic point in society, and therefore his topographic point in the external environment. Tracking is a agency by which conventions are perpetuated within the heads, convention and therefore the worlds of the single members of society. Sexual orientation is besides defined by a certain prolongation of convention. The premise that heterosexualism is a merchandise of congenital sex thrust was for a long clip accepted as world, as a scientific truth. But as a direct consequence of the development of sociology, the orientation of an person is no longer considered natural, nor are the conventions of gender related to empirical truth. Rather, they are now perceived as a merchandise of the perceptual experience of the person. This demonstrates the displacement from scientific empirical grounds to sociological grounds as the agencies by which to specify world. The world is non a heterosexual nonsubjective world any longer. In other words, that scientific convention has disappeared in this twenty-four hours and age, mostly due to the rise to the rise of the embracing societal scientific discipline that sociology is. What was one time called a heterosexual mystique # 8221 ; in the first tierce of the century is now consider ed by sociology to be a myth, because an single defines his world and reacts to the facets of nonsubjective world, which he deems relevant to him. The relevancy is a merchandise of the societal conventions which adult male chooses both unconsciously and consciously, to follow. In a more general sense, the map of racism within society illustrates the agencies by which the world of the person is defined, whether ethical or non, through the conventions which he adapts. Racism is the most clear and seeable illustration of the agencies by which adult male can specify a world, which is inaccurate or unfair. Yet, even though the world is inaccurate, the single chooses to follow it rendering himself nescient or bigoted. Labeling occurs within all walks of society, and this labeling occurs as an branch of the trailing, which is institutionalized within society. The attendant classifications illustrate the agencies in which world has been distorted so frequently by adult male, and demonstrates how fallible in character adult male truly is. Yet, through this fallibility, this subjectiveness emanating from convention, does adult male specify himself. The intent of sociology is to analyze and enter this phenomenon, and maintain the differentiations therein, so that the conventions of society do non befog the fact that persons are bonded by their humanity, non their single categorizable physical feature. As participants, persons tend to build world harmonizing to their conventions. The effects of these conventions are defined through the relevancy and world, which the person finds in the concrete state of affairs. This procedure represents the significance to sociologist by which they can distinguish between societal myth and homo, cosmopolitan perceptual experience.

The Independence of Media from the States

The Independence of Media from the States Media is an important part of human life. There are a lot of different functions of media, informing, creating social opinion, adverting, etc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Independence of Media from the States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Living in the free democratic world, many people are sure that the media is independent from states and that TV, radio and newspapers are free for creating and presenting the material each of these department wants. However, this is not really so. Each time people refer to media, they expect to consider the data which is presented as a part of free press, however, this is not exactly so. Media depends on the states under which it has to function. It is impossible to imagine an absolutely free media which does not belong to anyone and does not responsible to anything. Modern mass media is owned by specific groups in the state and the power of these people and organizations make each release dependant. Social opinion is not created on the basis of the free press, states always try to make sure that public opinion is created in such a way that powerful people want it to be. Considering the level of the dependency of mass media from the states it performs into, it is possible to say that even the most democratic countries have the state influence on mass media. Mass media is not independent from the state totally, however, some level of independence is still present. No one is able to contradict the opinion that democracy is the regime we are trying to live into. Therefore, the democracy presupposes the freedom of mass media. However,Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More the mediahave a double relation to democracy. On the one hand the emergence of a global information society is a powerful democratizing force. Yet, television, and the ot her media, tend to destroy the very public space of dialogue they open up, through relentless trivializing, and personalizing of political issues. Moreover, the growth of giant multinational media corporations means that unelected business tycoons can hold enormous power (Meier 2002, p. 298). Being connected to political issues, mass media cannot remain uncontrolled. Society believes that the themes discussed on TV are presented by their desire to watch them, people are sure that making a choice they do it just because they want to do that choice, however, this opinion is wrong. If one tries to answer the question what controls and forms human opinion, he/she will find only one possible answer – mass media. However, most of the data which appear on BBC and other world spread sources of information exist under strong censorship. The â€Å"double relation to democracy† (Meier 2002, p. 298) is explained by the desire of the mass media sources to show personal freedom from any authority, however, at the same time, it is impossible to say for sure that even in the most democratic countries mass media is free. Democracy is defined as the participation of the citizens of the country in making decisions, however, there is no a word about absence of the control of the government over people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Independence of Media from the States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The power of broadcasting cannot be overestimated, and the governmental structures understand this. Thus, the very beginning of the media era was controlled by the government and the priorities of such control may be enumerated. Remembering the history, the fist official newspapers and TV shows in most countries were created under the strict supervision of the government. Later, mass media tried to become an independent industry, however, each time it appeared in hands of powerful people who have to deal with the state and its interests. Hesmondhalgh (2007) believes that even living in a democratic era, government cannot allow such powerful industry to remain without influence. If mass media was not under total control, information presented on TV could be frustrating. Many examples may be remembered when important data devoted to international relations, national business, health care, politics, economics, etc. is not shown in mass media. It does not mean that there are no people who know anything about the issue. It means, that there is a censorship which does not allow some information to appear in mass media until it is necessary for the state. One may refer to the secrets which are released on TV, about the scandals and anther data which is not useful for the government. The Internet is full of information and the power of broadcasting there cannot be compared with TV, radio and newspaper. However, the information online is referred as just the gossips which are not tr usted until the official declaration is presented. Is not this a control of the government? Is it possible to say that all the data which is appeared in mass media is trusted until the official declaration is presented? The answer is negative.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, the influence of state on the mass media is more obvious than one may think, still, many people try to reject this opinion claiming about the freedom of speech and press. The problem of ownership should be considered as one of the ways of the media control by the state (Doyle 2002). Looking objectively at the problem can one answer the questions who own the TV channels, newspapers, and the Internet browsers which control the search engine capacity? Is it society who controls mass media? Such big industry cannot function without monitoring. Mass media is an industry which brings much profit to those who owns it. Of course, governments do not own all the companies connected with mass media, but they are the property of people who support the interest of the government and make all possible to work in the interest of the state. Owning one particular mass media company, such as BBC or CNN, or another one of the same prestige, the influence on other sources of information is guarante ed. Ownership of the mass media companies is a serious affair as those who own newspapers and TV channels have an opportunity to control human thoughts and ideas. Moreover, one big channel may apply to the unity of smaller channels or work under their supervision that creates the chain of the connected and dependent sources of information which gets the data from the bigger sources. It is hard to believe that states leave the biggest sources of information without control. The information has become one of the weapons of the modern world. It costs too much and it is hard to find it. It is impossible to imagine the state which does not have an opportunity to use such powerful weapon as information, therefore, the ownership of the mass media industry is a crucial problem for the safety and prosperity of any developed state. Bagdikian (2004) is sure that â€Å"the media world – newspapers, magazines, books, radio, television, movies, and now the Internet – occupies a beg inning of the end of government-as-protector-of-the-consumer and the starts of government-as the-protector-of –big-business† (p. 11). It is possible to agree with the statement in some way as looking at the information which appears in newspapers, more attention is devoted to business, however, the politics does not remain apart. Most of the data presented in media is devoted to business world. Ads influence the opinion of people. Advertising make people buy the products of the companies which are shown more frequently. There are also situations when advertising becomes too occupying and in this case government interferes. It is obvious that â€Å"the greatest threat to freedom of expression in the United States or elsewhere is the possibility that private entrepreneurs will always tend to monopolize the marketplace of ideas in the name of economic efficiency and private profit† (Meier 2002, p. 298). Thus, mass media cannot belong totally to private owners. The p roblem of ownership still appears as in case the mass media is not controlled by the state and all the power is offered to the private entrepreneurship the monopolization of the industry may lead to unpredicted consequences. The presentation of the information just from one side, the delivery only of the ‘suitable’ for the manufacture data may be destroying for society. Therefore, it may be said that states do not make mass media sources independent to avoid monopolization of the industry and to make sure that the information presented in mass media is given from different perspectives. State cannot stay apart from mass media as this source of information plays an important role in the life of people. Cottle (2003) says that mass media plays important role in formation of the social opinion, cultural identity, traditional peculiarities and other values of the people in community. Absence of the total control of the government of these issues may lead to the problems in the future which may result in social misunderstanding. Social problems guarantee political and economical instability in the country. Mass media is able to do both, maintain order and create chaos in the country. Absence of the state control and providing of the independent guarantees to mass media will never result in anything positive. It has already been pointed at many crucial outcomes which may result from independence of mass media from the state, such as monopolization of the industry. Cottle (2003) points to the loss of cultural identity. Much attention in this source is paid to the news presentation. Each event may be considered from different perspectives, it can be highlighted from various parts. The ability of mass media to show the news from the governmental position, trying to show the unity of the country and the care of the state leaders about the country may increase the unity of the community. Therefore, the governments are unable to allow the mass media to have t he full independence as sometimes the vision of the journalists should be directed in an appropriate way. However, speaking about journalists, they are free and independent searchers of information and news. These people should just present the useful data for the society, otherwise, the information they have considered may be perceived as uninteresting and boring. This is one of the principles of state control over mass media. Croteau and Hoynes (2005) stress the importance of the government to provide specific information to the society. The control over mass media helps such states impose the necessary information in the society. The absence of such control and absolute independence of the mass media from the state would not form such powerful societies as they are now. The image of UK supported with the presence of a queen, the USA leaders are also known to the whole world as the leaders of one of the most powerful countries. Of source, there are people who do not support the ac tions of their leaders and there are the channels and programs which strictly criticize their actions. This should be. People should see the situation from different perspectives, however, the information should still be directed at the affairs of the country. If the international issues are discussed, it is important to view them in the prism of the state affair. This is the place of the state in the mass media influence. Mass media cannot be independent from state as this is the source of the information which creates the image of the country. One should not confuse the dependence of mass media from the state and the freedom off press. In the USA the First Amendment of the Constitution guarantee the freedom of press, however, it does not mean that mass media may advertise all the products which exist. The state should control the advertising campaign to protect people from inappropriate goods. The same is about everything which appears on TV, radio and in newspapers. States protec t people from the goods of poor quality trying to make sure that the information people get is appropriate, even if it does not meet the interests of the state as freedom of speech exists (Croteau Hoynes 2005). Hesmondhalgh (2002) pays much attention to the reasons and the interests of mass media. The attention is paid to the ownership and the interests mass media supports. The author is sure that the interests of the powerful and rich people are met while creating the releases of information. In case mass media would be independent from the state, this would be exactly the issue. However, having the dependency from the state, much of the released data is subjected to censorship, that is why the private owners of newspapers and channels are unable to monopolize the sphere. If state controls mass media and the information released there, why some data does not meet the requirements of the state, why the state allows to show the programs and to deliver the information which may compr omise the government? Answering this question, the aspects of democratization and the freedom of speech should be considered. Hesmondhalgh (2002) is focused on the private interests of those who own mass media companies forgetting about the law and other specific barriers on the way to controlling the data released to the community. The dependency of mass media from the state is different basing on the level of the democracy in the country. Considering such states as France, USA, UK and other developed countries, the level of interdependency of mass media from the state is rather high. However, such countries as China impose greater dependency of mass media from the state as in such countries people are controlled and programmed by means of mass media. TV, radio and pres are used for propaganda purposes making sure that people will be affected by the data. Gehlbach and Sonin (2008) believe that â€Å"when mobilization is especially important, the government will be inclined to seiz e ownership of private media, as it can save the cost of subsidization by controlling the media directly† (p. 2) and it is impossible to disagree with the statement. Each state understands that mass media may be used in personal purposes in critic situations, therefore, making all possible to follow the freedom of press law, each state do keeps in mind that control over mass media is crucial. Therefore, it may be concluded that there are two points of view that mass media is dependant from the state and that it is independent from it. There is no country where mass media is totally independent from the state as this is an information weapon which may be used incorrectly. The government of each state chooses the level of dependency and applies the chosen policy in action. The democracy does not presuppose the absence of the dependency. Democratic world should be controlled, as otherwise chaos would be imposed. The ownership and monopolization are the problems which are to be co ntrolled by the state and some of the reasons of the dependency of mass media from the state. States should understand the difference between controlling and imposing. The independence leads to chaos and the developed countries cannot allow such state of affairs as only structured and highly monitored world actions guarantee harmony of the modern global society. Reference List Bagdikian, B 2004, The New Media Monopoly, Beacon Press, Boston. Cottle, S 2003, Media organization and production, SAGE, London. Croteau, D Hoynes, W 2005, The Business of Media, Sage, London. Doyle, G 2002, Media Ownership: The Economics and Politics of Convergence and Concentration in the UK and European Media, SAGE, London. Gehlbach, S Sonin, K 2008, Government Control of the Media. Web. Hesmondhalgh, D 2002, Media Production. Berkshire: Open University Press. Hesmondhalgh, D 2007, The Cultural Industries, SAGE, London. Meier, WA 2002, ‘Media Ownership – Does It Matter?’, in R Mansell , R Samarajiva A Mahan (eds), Networking Knowledge for Information Societies: Institutions Intervention, DUP Science, Delft.

A Medieval Love Story

A Medieval Love Story He was a brilliant scholar at the University of Paris, charismatic, engaging, and handsome. He drew students like moths to his flame, challenging his masters as well as his peers with scintillating displays of logic. His seemingly unshakable core of self-confidence was justified by his talents for dialectic, teaching, and poetry. His name was Pierre Abelard. She was a rare apparition in the cloister of the Paris cathedral: a young woman, still in her teens, pursuing philosophical studies with no evident desire to take the veil.  Though undoubtedly lovely, she was renowned more for her keen mind and her thirst for knowledge than for her beauty. Her name was Heloise. That two such extraordinary individuals in the same academic world should find one another seems inevitable. That their eloquent expressions of love should have survived for us in their own words is a rare gift of history. That tragedy should await them makes their story all the more poignant.1 The Pursuit of Love While Abelard surely caught sight of Heloise at some time in the busy academic scene of Paris, there were no social occasions on which they were likely to meet. He was occupied with his studies and university life; she was under the protection of her Uncle Fulbert, a canon at the cathedral. Both turned away from frivolous social pastimes in favor of a happy absorption with philosophy, theology, and literature. But Abelard, having reached his thirties without ever knowing the joys of romantic or physical love, had decided he wanted such an experience. He approached this course with his usual logic: It was this young girl whom I, after carefully considering all those qualities which are wont to attract lovers, determined to unite with myself in the bonds of love... 2 Canon Fulbert was known to care deeply for his niece; he recognized her academic ability and wanted the best education that could be provided for her. This was Abelards route into his house and confidence. Claiming the upkeep of a home of his own was too expensive and interfered with his studies, the scholar sought to board with Fulbert in exchange for a small fee and, more significantly, for providing instruction to Heloise. Such was Abelards reputation not only as a brilliant teacher but as a trustworthy individual that Fulbert eagerly welcomed him into his home and entrusted him with the education and care of his niece. I should not have been more smitten with wonder if he had entrusted a tender lamb to the care of a ravenous wolf... Learning of Love We were united first in the dwelling that sheltered our love, and then in the hearts that burned with it. There is no way to know what entreaties or wiles Abelard used to seduce his student. Heloise may very well have loved him from the moment they met. The force of his personality, his razor-sharp mind, and his handsome demeanor undoubtedly resulted in an irresistible combination for a young woman. Not yet twenty, she had no hint of how she and her uncle had been manipulated, and she was at just the right age to see Abelards presence in her life as ordained by Fate or by God. Moreover, rarely have two lovers been so suited to each other as Abelard and Heloise. Both attractive, both extremely intelligent, both enraptured with the arts of learning, they shared an intellectual energy that few couples of any age or era have been fortunate enough to know. Yet in these early days of intense desire, learning was secondary. Under the pretext of study we spent our hours in the happiness of love, and learning held out to us the secret opportunities that our passion craved. Our speech was more of love than of the books which lay open before us; our kisses far outnumbered our reasoned words. However base Abelards original intentions had been, he was soon overwhelmed by his feelings for Heloise. Finding his once-beloved studies burdensome, his energy for learning flagged, he delivered uninspired lectures, and his poems now focused on love. It wasnt long before his students deduced what had come over him, and rumors swept Paris of the heated affair. Only Canon Fulbert seemed unaware of the romance that was taking place under his own roof. His ignorance was fostered by his trust in the niece he loved and the scholar he admired. Whispers may have reached his ears, but if so they did not reach his heart. Oh, how great was the uncles grief when he learned the truth, and how bitter was the sorrow of the lovers when we were forced to part! How it happened is not entirely clear, but its reasonable to assume that Fulbert walked in on his niece and his boarder in an extremely private moment. He had ignored the rumors and believed in their good conduct; perhaps it was a direct confrontation with the truth that so drastically affected him. Now, the extent of his fury at the very least matched the extent of the trust he had placed in them both. But physically separating the couple did not quench the flame of their love for one another; on the contrary: The very sundering of our bodies served but to link our souls closer together; the plentitude of the love which was denied to us inflamed us more than ever. And not long after they were parted, Heloise got a message to Abelard: she was pregnant. At the next opportunity, when Fulbert was away from home, the couple fled to Abelards family, where Heloise was to remain until their son was born. Her lover returned to Paris, but fear or awkwardness kept him from attempting to heal the breach with her uncle for several months. The solution seems simple to us now, and would have been simple to most young couples then: marriage. But, although it was not unknown for scholars at the university to wed, a wife and family could be a serious impediment to an academic career. Universities were relatively new systems that had sprung from Cathedral schools, and the one at Paris was renowned for its theological teachings.  The brightest prospects that awaited Abelard resided in the Church; he would be forfeiting the highest possible career by taking a bride. Though he never admits such thoughts kept him from proposing marriage, that they were included among his considerations seem clear when he describes his offer to Fulbert: ... in order to make amends even beyond his extremest hope, I offered to marry her whom I had seduced, provided only the thing could be kept secret, so that I might suffer no loss of reputation thereby. To this he gladly assented... But Heloise was another matter. Love Protests That a young woman in love should balk at marrying the father of her child may seem perplexing, but Heloise had compelling reasons. She was well aware of the opportunities Abelard would be passing up if he tied himself to a family. She argued for his career; she argued for his studies; she argued that such a measure would not truly appease her uncle. She even argued for honor: ... it would be far sweeter for her to be called my mistress than to be known as my wife; nay, too, that this would be more honourable for me as well. In such case, she said, love alone would hold me to her, and the strength of the marriage chain would not constrain us. But her lover would not be dissuaded. Shortly after their son Astrolabe was born, they left him in the care of Abelards family and returned to Paris to be married secretly, with Fulbert among the few witnesses. They parted immediately thereafter, seeing each other only in rare private moments, in order to maintain the fiction that they were no longer involved. Love Denied Heloise had been correct when she had argued that her uncle would not be satisfied by a secret marriage. Though he had promised his discretion, his damaged pride would not let him keep quiet about events. The injury had been a public one; its reparation should also be public. He let word of the couples union get about. When his niece denied the marriage, he beat her. To keep Heloise safe, her husband spirited her away to the convent at Argenteuil, where she had been educated as a child. This alone may have been enough to keep her from her uncles wrath, but Abelard went one step further: he asked that she wear the vestments of the nuns, except for the veil that indicated the taking of vows. This turned out to be a grave error. When her uncle and his kinsmen heard of this, they were convinced that now I had completely played them false and had rid myself forever of Heloise by forcing her to become a nun. Fulbert became incensed, and prepared to take his revenge. It happened in the early morning hours when the scholar lay sleeping, unawares. Two of his servants accepted bribes to let attackers into his home. The punishment they visited upon their enemy was as horrifying and shameful as it was excruciating: ... for they cut off those parts of my body with which I had done that which was the cause of their sorrow. By morning, it seemed all of Paris had congregated to hear the news. Two of Abelards attackers were apprehended and made to suffer a similar fate, but no reparation could restore to the scholar what he had lost. The brilliant philosopher, poet, and teacher who had begun to be renowned for his talents now had fame of an altogether different sort thrust upon him. How could I ever again hold up my head among men, when every finger should be pointed at me in scorn, every tongue speak my blistering shame, and when I should be a monstrous spectacle to all eyes? Though he had never considered becoming a monk, Abelard turned to the cloister now. A life of seclusion, devoted to God, was the only alternative his pride would allow him. He turned to the Dominican order and entered the abbey of St. Denis. But before he did so, he convinced his wife to take the veil. Her friends entreated her to consider ending her marriage and returning to the outside world: after all, he could no longer be her husband in the physical sense, and an annulment would have been relatively easy to obtain. She was still quite young, still beautiful, and as brilliant as ever; the secular world offered a future the convent could never match. But Heloise did as Abelard bid her not for any love of convent life, or even for love of God, but for love of Abelard. Love Endures It would be difficult to imagine that their love for one another could survive separation and Abelards tragic injury. In fact, having seen to his wifes entry into the convent, the philosopher appears to have placed the entire affair behind him and devoted himself to writing and teaching. For Abelard, and indeed for all who studied philosophy in his time, the love story was but a sideline to his career, the impetus that triggered a change in his focus from logic to theology. But for Heloise, the affair was a seminal event in her life, and Pierre Abelard was forever in her thoughts. The philosopher did continue to care for his wife and see to her security. When Argenteuil was overtaken by one of his many rivals and Heloise, now the prioress, was turned out with the other nuns, Abelard arranged for the displaced women to occupy the abbey of the Paraclete, which he had established. And after some time had passed, and wounds both physical and emotional had begun to heal, they resumed a relationship, albeit far different than the one they had known in the secular world. For her part, Heloise would not let herself or her feelings for Abelard be overlooked. She was ever open and honest about her enduring love for the man who could no longer be her husband. She pestered him for hymns, sermons, guidance, and a rule for her order, and in so doing kept him active in the work of the abbey and kept her own presence constant in his mind. As for Abelard, he had the support and encouragement of one of the most brilliant women of his times to help him navigate the treacherous course of 12th-century theological politics. His talents for logic, his continued interest in secular philosophy, and his absolute confidence in his own interpretation of Scripture had not won him friends in the Church, and his entire career was marked by controversy with other theologians. It was Heloise, one might argue, who helped him come to terms with his own spiritual outlook; and it was Heloise to whom he addressed his significant profession of faith, which begins: Heloise, my sister, once so dear to me in the world, today even dearer to me in Jesus Christ...3 Though their bodies could no longer be united, their souls continued to share an intellectual, emotional, and spiritual journey. Upon his death Heloise had Abelards body brought to the Paraclete, where she was later buried beside him. They lie together still, in what could only be the end of a medieval love story. Your letter written to a friend for his comfort, beloved, was lately brought to me by chance. Seeing at once from the title that it was yours, I began the more ardently to read it in that the writer was so dear to me, that I might at least be refreshed by his words as by a picture of him whose presence I have lost...4 The story of Abelard and Heloise might have been lost to future generations were it not for the letters that survived them. The course of events that their romance followed was described unstintingly in a letter Abelard wrote, known to us as the  Historia Calamitatum,  or the Story of My Misfortunes. His intent in writing the letter was ostensibly to console his friend by telling him, essentially, You think youve got problems? Listen to this... The  Historia Calamitatum  was widely circulated and copied, as letters sometimes were in those days. There is a school of thought that Abelard had an ulterior motive in its composition: to call attention to himself and keep his work and his genius from slipping into oblivion. If that was indeed the case, the philosopher, though still confident in his abilities to the point of arrogance, showed a remarkably brutal honesty and a willingness to accept responsibility for the disastrous results brought on by his vanity and pride. Whatever his motives for writing the letter, a copy eventually fell into Heloises hands. It was at this point that she took the opportunity to contact Abelard directly, and an extensive correspondence ensued from which the nature of their later relationship can be gleaned. The authenticity of the letters supposedly written by Heloise has been called into question. For more on this matter, see the  Mediev-l  Discussion of Heloises  Letters to Abelard, collected from the Mediev-l mailing list and presented online by Paul Halsall at the Medieval Sourcebook. For books examining their authenticity, see  Sources and Suggested Reading,  below. Notes Guides Note: This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.Notes 1 As with most names from the Middle Ages, you will find both Abelard and Heloise rendered in a variety of ways, including, but by no means limited to: Abà ©lard, Abeillard, Abailard, Abaelardus, Abelardus; Hà ©loise, Hà ©lose, Heloisa, Helouisa. The forms used in this feature were chosen for their recognizability and their ease of presentation within the limits of HTML. 2 The excerpted material on these pages is all from Abelards Historia Calamitatum unless otherwise noted. 3  From Abelards  Apologia. 4  From Heloises first letter. Additional Resources Abelards autobiography is online here at the Medieval History site: Historia Calamitatum,  or, The Story of My Misfortunesby Peter AbelardTranslated by Henry Adams Bellows, with an introduction by Ralph Adams Cram. Presented in fifteen chapters, an introduction, a foreword and an appendix. Sources and Suggested Reading The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. translated by Betty RadiceA Penguin classics collection of their correspondence. by Etienne GilsonLiterate analysis of the letters of Abelard and Heloise focuses on individual topics and themes rather than a chronological presentation. by John MarenbonA re-examination of Abelards work as a logician and theologian. by Marion MeadeThis fictionalized account is well-written and fairly accurate, and has been made into a well-received film.   A Medieval Love Story  is copyright  © 2000-08 Melissa Snell and About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL below is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell. The URL for this feature is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/peterabelard/a/love_story.htmGuides Note:  This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Islam - Essay Example The focus in the paper "Islam" is on present day problems that can be solved by focussing on the spiritual democracy where only powerful minority or only majority is not to do with the whole system rather every individual is important in the whole fabric of the system of world and what is in it, that is implied in the rhythmic and systematic rituals of pilgrimage. As pilgrimage is having rituals like staying and camping, revolving, running and throwing stones at evil symbol, and to refrain from every evil and to be oriented only towards inner self and to behave in a good way, in the same way the whole practice of life is actually symbolic of the essence of the will and faith of ours which can best be polished by bringing the sense of equality, solidarity, spiritual purity and freedom seen during the pilgrimages in Makkah. The nation making process can also be considered that how people can best be amalgamated and disciplined by making them warmly spiritual at heart. It brings one to ponder about the ideal state which may be the most peaceful, rhythmic, systematic and spiritually and physically healthy of which rituals of the pilgrimage may be referred as symbolic. Pilgrimage is the pillar of Islam which gives support to the religion of peace by establishing the bonds of sisterhood and brotherhood in order to bring equality, solidarity and freedom from intruding, underestimating and horrible activities from others, that is all implied in the whole journey which is done during the pilgrimage and all activities as well.

International Financial Management - Currencies and Costs Essay

International Financial Management - Currencies and Costs - Essay Example That is, the probability of issuing foreign debt is highly correlated with the degree of foreign operations. Their results are consistent with those of Kedia and Mozumdar (2003), who conclude that firms have to satisfy a demand to hedge via foreign debt. Kedia and Mozumdar (2003), also conclude that the correlation between foreign operations and the probability of issuing foreign debt is consistent with both the role of foreign debt as a hedging instrument and the existence of information barriers. The integration of capital markets implies that financial assets traded in different markets should possess the same risk/return characteristics. Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) however note that the segmentation of capital markets and barriers to international investment could result in opportunities for choosing the currency of debt to minimize funding costs (interest rates). Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) identify two sources of segmentation including legal barriers and Informational sources. According to them legal barriers which constitute a broad variety of restrictions such as differences in tax treatment for foreign and domestic investments, capital controls, security law, and ownership restrictions could give rise to opportunities for multinational companies to reduce their funding rates. It is also evident in the study by Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) that foreign investors face high costs of gathering information about capital markets in different countries and as such domestic companies take advantage of this information asymmetry to issue debt at a low cost than they would have issued to domestic investors. According to Keloharju and Niskanen (2001), issuing in the Euromarket may be more economical since it helps to mitigate withholding taxes and capital controls. They further illustrate that borrowing cost in two currencies can be reduced by borrowing the weaker currency and that tax laws in Finland encourage companies to borrow the foreign currency. Allayannis et al (2003: pp 2669) in their study of the capital structure and financial risk of East Asian Firms with particular emphasis on foreign-currency debt use, provide evidence that differences in home country interest rates and foreign interest rates such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), are important determinants for both home country and foreign debt use. The study finds that the higher (lower) the difference in interest rates, the